COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

 

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING:

A building can be broadly divided in two parts :  (i)Sub-structure and (ii)Super-structure.

The portion of the building below the surrounding ground is known as sub-structure and the portion above the ground is termed as super- structure. The components of a building can be broadly summarized as under:

1.Foundations

2.Plinth

3.Walls

4. Columns

5.Floors

6.Doors, windows and ventilators

7. Stairs

8.Roof

9.Building finishes.

10.Building services.

1. Foundation: Foundation is the most important part of the building. Building activity starts with digging the ground for foundation and then building it. It is the lower most part of the building. It transfers the load of the building to the ground. Its main functions and requirements are:

• Distribute the load from the structure to soil evenly and safely.
• To anchor the building to the ground so that under lateral loads building will not move.
• It prevents the building from overturning due to lateral forces.
• It gives level surface for the construction of super structure.
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2. Plinth: The portion of the wall between the ground level and the ground floor level is called plinth. It is usually of stone masonry. If the foundation is on piles, a plinth beam is cast to support wall above floor level. At the top of plinth a damp proof course is provided. It is usually 75 mm thick plain concrete course.

The function of the plinth is to keep the ground floor above ground level, free of dampness. Its height is not less than 450 mm. It is required that plinth level is at least 150 mm above the road level, so that connections to underground drainage system can be made.

3. Walls: Walls are provide to enclose or divide the floor space in desired pattern. In addition, walls provide privacy, security  and give protection against sun, rain, cold and other adverse effects of weather. Wall can be broadly divided in two categories (i) Load bearing walls and (i) Non-load bearing walls.

4.Columns: A column may be defined as an isolated vertical load bearing member the width of which is neither less than its thickness nor more than four times its thickness. Pier is a vertical load bearing member similar to a column except that it is bonded into load bearing wall at the sides to form an integral part and extends to full height of the wall. A pier is introduced to increase the stiffness of the wall to carry additional load or to carry vertical concentrated. Pier also strengthens the wall to resist lateral pressure without buckling.

5.Floors: Floors are the important component of a building. They give working/useful area for the occupants. The ground floor is prepared by filling brick bats, waste stones, gravel and well compacted with not less than 100 mm sand layer on its top. A lean concrete of 1 : 4 : 8, 100 mm thick is laid. On this a damp proof course may be provided. Then floor finishing is done as per the requirement of the owner. Cheapest floor finish for a moderate house is with 20 to 25 mm rich mortar course finished with red oxide. The costliest floor finish is mossaic or marble finishing. Other floors are usually of R.C.C. finished as per the requirements of the owner.

6. Doors and Windows and ventilators : The function of a door is to give access to different rooms in the building and to deny the access whenever necessary. Number of doors should be minimum possible. The size of the door should be of such dimension as will facilitate the movement of the largest object likely to use the door. Windows are provided to get light and ventilation in the building. They are located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.9 m from the floor level. In hot and humid regions, the window area should be 15 to 20 per cent of the floor area. Another thumb rule used to determine the size and the number of windows is for every 30 m3 of inside volume there should be 1 m2 window opening.

7. Step, Stairs and Lifts: Steps give convenient access from ground level to ground floor level. They are required at doors in the outer wall. 250 to 300 mm wide and 150 mm rise is ideal size for steps. In no case the size of two consecutive steps be different. Number of steps required depends upon the difference in the levels of the ground and the floor. Stairs give access from floor to floor. They should consists of steps of uniform sizes. In all public buildings lifts are to be provided for the conveniences of old and disabled persons. In hostels G + 3 floors can be built without lifts, but in residential flats maximum floors permitted without lifts is only G + 2. Lift is to be located near the entrance. Size of the lift is decided by the number of users in peak hours. Lifts are available with capacity 4 to 20 persons.

8. Roof:  Roof is the top most portion of the building which provide top cover to the building. It should be leak proof. Sloping roof like tiled and A.C. sheet give leak proof cover easily. But they do not give provision for the construction of additional floor. Tiled roof give good thermal protection. Flat roofs give provision for additional floors. Terrace adds to the comfort of occupants. Water tanks can be easily placed over the flat roofs.

9. Building Finishes: Bottom portion of slab (ceiling), walls and top of floor need smooth finishing with plaster. Then they are provided with white wash, distemper or paints or tiles. The function of finishing work is:

• Give protective cover
• Improve aesthetic view
• Rectify defective workmanship
• Finishing work for plinth consists in pointing while for floor it consists in polishing.

10. Building Services: Water supply, sanitation and drainage works, electric supply work and construction of cupboards and show cases constitute major building services. For storing water from municipal supply or from tanker a sump is built in the house property near street. From the sump water is pumped to over head tanks placed on or above roof level so as to get water all the 24 hours. Plumbing work is made so as to get water in kitchen, bathrooms, water closets, sinks and garden taps. For draining rain water from roofs, down take pipes of at least 100 mm diameters should be used. Proper slopes should be given to roof towards down take pipe. These pipes should be fixed at 10 to 15 mm below the roof surface so that rain water is directed to the down take pipe easily. The sanitary fittings are to be connected to stone ware pipes with suitable traps and chambers. Stone ware pipes are then connected to underground drainage of municipal lines or to the septic tank. Many carpentry works are required for building service. They are in the form of showcases, cupboards, racks etc. Electric supply is essential part of building services. The building should be provided with sufficient points for supply of lights, fans and other electric gadgets.